Bladder Cancer
Overview
Causes
Cancer is when cells in the body split without control or order. These cells go on to form a growth or tumor. The term cancer refers to harmful growths. These growths attack nearby tissues. They also spread to other parts of the body. It's not clear exactly what causes these problems. It’s likely a mix of genes and the environment.
Risk Factors
The chances of bladder cancer are higher for:
- People aged 65 to 85 years old
- Men
- Those who are White
- Smokers
-
Working in certain jobs such as:
- Rubber, leather, and textiles
- Painting
- Hairdressing
- Machinery
- Printing
- Trucking
- Petroleum
- Exposure to arsenic in drinking water
- Having the same problems in your family
- Problems with your genes
- Problems that cause irritation in the bladder such as repeated infections or catheter use
- Obesity
- Pioglitazone use to treat diabetes
- Radiation therapy to the pelvis
SymptomsandDiagnosis
Diagnosis
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. You may also have:
- Urine tests
- Blood tests
-
Imaging tests such as:
- Cystoscopy
- IV pyelogram (IVP)
- CT scan
- MRI scan
- Ultrasound
- Bone scan
- Biopsy —a sample of bladder tissue is looked at under a microscope
The exam and your test results will help find out the stage of cancer you have. Staging guides your treatment. Bladder cancer is staged from 0-4. Stage 0 is a very localized cancer. Stage 4 is a spread to other parts of the body.
Stages of Bladder Cancer |
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Treatments
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Options are based on the stage of your cancer. You may have one or more of the following:
Surgery
Surgery will remove the tumor and nearby tissue. Options include:
- Transurethral resection—Removes cancer cells with tools placed through a scope. Any remaining cells can be burned away with another tool.
- Cystectomy
can be:
- Partial—Part of the bladder and nearby healthy tissue are removed.
-
Radical—The entire bladder and nearby lymph nodes are removed.
- In men—The prostate may be taken out.
- In women—The uterus, ovaries, part of the vagina, and the fallopian tubes may be taken out.
A path for the urine to be passed from the body may be made through the belly wall. It depends on how extensive the surgery was. This will allow urine to be stored and passed out of the body in a different manner.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It may be:
- External—radiation is aimed at the bladder from a source outside the body
- Internal—radioactive materials placed into bladder in or near the cancer cells
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It may given by mouth, shots, or IV. The drugs enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body.
For some, it can be given right into the bladder. This is called intravesical chemotherapy.
Biologic Therapy
Biologic therapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. Substances are made by the body or in a lab. They’re placed right into the bladder to boost, direct, or restore the body’s defenses. This type is used only for shallow, low grade cancer that was taken out.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Edits to original content made by Denver Health.
Copyright © EBSCO Information Services
All rights reserved.
RESOURCES
American Cancer Society https://www.cancer.org
United Ostomy Associations of America https://www.ostomy.org
CANADIAN RESOURCES
Canadian Cancer Society https://www.cancer.ca
Ostomy Canada Society https://www.ostomycanada.ca
References
Bladder cancer. American Cancer Society website. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladder-cancer.html. Accessed January 29, 2021.
Bladder cancer. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115106/Bladder-cancer. Accessed January 29, 2021.
Bladder cancer. Urology Care Foundation website. Available at: http://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer. Accessed January 29, 2021.
General information about bladder cancer. National Cancer Institute website. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq. Accessed January 29, 2021.