Overview

Definition

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the wearing down of cartilage between bones. Cartilage is smooth tissue that cushions bones and helps them move smoothly over each other.

Joints Affected by Osteoarthritis
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Causes

OA is caused by the wearing down of cartilage between bones. The damage worsens over time. For some people, the cartilage may completely wear away.

Risk Factors

OA is more common in older adults. It is also more common in women. Other things that may raise the risk are:

  • Having a joint injury
  • Overusing a joint during work or physical activities
  • Obesity
  • Having other family members with OA

SymptomsandDiagnosis

Symptoms

OA is most common in larger joints that support weight, such as the spine, hips, and knees. It is also common in active joints like the hand and feet. Common problems are:

  • Mild to severe pain in a joint, especially after overuse or long periods of rest
  • Stiffness that gets better with activity
  • Creaking or grating sounds in the joint
  • Swelling, stiffness, and problems moving the joint, especially in the morning

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. This is often enough to make the diagnosis.

Images of the joint may be taken. This can be done with:

  • X-ray
  • MRI scan

Treatments

Treatment

OA cannot be cured. The goal of treatment is to:

  • Ease joint pain and swelling
  • Improving joint function
  • Slowing future damage

Treatment may change over time. Options may include:

  • Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, eating a healthful diet, and exercising regularly
  • Supportive care, such as ice to ease swelling and heat to loosen stiff joints
  • Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve range of motion
  • Using supportive devices, such as crutches or canes
  • Over the counter or prescription medicine to ease pain and swelling

Some people may need surgery if other methods do not help. Surgery may be done to:

  • Remove loose pieces of bone or cartilage from joints
  • Reposition bones to balance stress on the joint
  • Replace a damaged joint with an artificial one

Prevention

To lower the risk of OA:

  • Maintain a healthy weight.
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Limit repetitive motions.

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

Edits to original content made by Denver Health.

a (Degenerative Joint Disease; Arthritis, Osteo-)

RESOURCES

American College of Rheumatology http://www.rheumatology.org 

The Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org 

CANADIAN RESOURCES

The Arthritis Society http://www.arthritis.ca 

Seniors Canada http://www.seniors.gc.ca 

References

Derry S, Moore RA, et al. Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6):CD007402.

Fransen M, McConnell S, et al. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD004376.

Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. Arthritis Care Res. 2020;72(2):149-162.

Logan CA, Asnis PD, et al. The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Orthopaedic Injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25(8):556-568.

Osteoarthritis. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders website. Available at: http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health%5FInfo/Osteoarthritis/default.asp. Accessed October 8, 2020.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:  https://www.dynamed.com/condition/osteoarthritis-oa-of-the-hip . Accessed October 8, 2020.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:  https://www.dynamed.com/condition/osteoarthritis-oa-of-the-knee . Accessed October 8, 2020.

Physical therapy for arthritis. Arthritis Foundation website. Available at: https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/treatment/complementary-therapies/physical-therapies/physical-therapy-for-arthritis. Accessed September 6, 2020.

Ren R, Tang G, et al. The Tai Chi training for middle-aged and elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2020;99(20): p e20242.

Singh JA, Noorbaloochi S, et al. Chondroitin for osteoarthritis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD005614.

Xu Q, Chen B, et al. The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy for Relieving Pain, Stiffness, and Dysfunction in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain Physician. 2017;20(4):229-243.