Overview

Definition

Parkinson disease (PD) is a brain disorder that causes tremors and problems moving.

Part of the Brain Affected by PD—Yellow Section
Substansia Nigra
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

Dopamine is a chemical in the brain. It helps people move and control their emotions. PD is caused by a loss of brain cells that make dopamine. It is not known why this happens.

A small number of people with PD have an early-onset form. This type is caused by a faulty gene. It is passed down from parents.

Risk Factors

PD is more common in older adults. Other things that may raise the risk are:

  • Family members with PD
  • Exposure to toxins, such as well water and pesticides

SymptomsandDiagnosis

Symptoms

Symptoms start slowly and get worse over time. Common ones may be:

  • Tremors that are worse at rest
  • Moving slowly
  • Muscle stiffness
  • Problems doing tasks with the hands
  • Problems moving, such as taking smaller steps and shuffling
  • Problems doing activities of daily living, such as dressing
  • Fatigue
  • Pain
  • Sleep problems
  • Mood swings
  • Problems thinking
  • Perceiving things that are not there
  • Believing things that are not based in reality
  • Lightheadedness
  • Constipation
  • Problems with urine and bowel control

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. This may be enough to make the diagnosis. There are no tests for PD.

Images may be taken to rule out other causes and confirm the diagnosis. These may be:

  • MRI scan
  • CT scan

Treatments

Treatment

There is no cure. Treatment is aimed at managing symptoms.

Medicine

Medicines that may be used to ease symptoms are:

  • Levodopa-carbidopa to treat tremors and problems moving
  • Dopamine agonists
  • Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors
  • Anticholinergics
  • COMT inhibitors
  • Antivirals

Medicine may also be given to ease symptoms of depression.

Surgery

Surgical choices are:

  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS)—implants a device to stimulate certain parts of the brain to ease problems with movement
  • Thalamotomy—destroys certain parts of the brain to improve severe tremors

Physical Therapy

Therapy can improve muscle tone, strength, balance, and movement.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy may ease symptoms and improve quality of life. It has a person examine their feelings and thought patterns, learn to interpret them, and apply coping methods to situations.

Prevention

There are no current guidelines to prevent PD.

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

Edits to original content made by Denver Health.

a (PD; Paralysis Agitans; Shaking Palsy)

RESOURCES

National Parkinson Foundation http://www.parkinson.org 

Parkinson's Disease Foundation http://www.pdf.org 

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Health Canada https://www.canada.ca 

Parkinson Society Canada http://www.parkinson.ca 

References

Burbulla LF, Song P, Mazulli JR. Dopamine oxidation mediates mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in Parkinsons disease. Science. 2017;357(6357):1255-61.

Homayoun H. Parkinson Disease. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Sep 4;169(5):ITC33-ITC48.

Managing Parkinson's. Parkinson’s Disease Foundation website. Available at: https://www.parkinson.org/Living-with-Parkinsons/Managing-Parkinsons. Accessed October 21, 2019.

Michels K, Dubaz O, et al. 'Dance Therapy' as a psychotherapeutic movement intervention in Parkinson's disease. Complement Ther Med. 2018 Oct;40:248-252.

Parkinson disease. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:  https://www.dynamed.com/condition/parkinson-disease  . Updated October 4, 2019. Accessed October 21, 2019.

Parkinson's disease. American Association of Neurological Surgeons website. Available at: http://www.aans.org/Patient%20Information/Conditions%20and%20Treatments/Parkinsons%20Disease.aspx. Accessed October 21, 2019.

Parkinson's disease information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page. Updated August 28, 2019. Accessed October 21, 2019.

4/7/2014 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance  http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115172/Parkinson-disease  : Marras C, Hincapié CA, Kristman VL, et al. Systematic review of the risk of Parkinson's disease after mild traumatic brain injury: results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(3S):S238-S244.

9/3/2014 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance. Available at:  http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115172/Parkinson-disease  : Wippold FJ, Brown DC, Broderick DF, et al. American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria for dementia and movement disorders. Available at: http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/AppCriteria/Diagnostic/DementiaAndMovementDisorders.pdf. Updated 2014. Accessed August 28, 2015.

11/10/2015 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance  http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115172/Parkinson-disease  : Shanahan J, Morries ME, Bhriain ON, Saunders J, Clifford AM. Dance for people with Parkinson disease: what is the evidence telling us? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(1):141-153.

2/24/2016 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance  http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115172/Parkinson-disease  : Leung IH, Walton CC, Hallock H, et al. Cognitive training in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2015;85(21):1843-1851.

10/17/2016 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance  http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115172/Parkinson-disease  : Ni M Signorile JF, et al. Comparative effect of power training and high-speed yoga on motor function in older patients with Parkinson disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016 Mar;97(3):345-354.