Sepsis

Definition

Blood poisoning, also called septicemia or sepsis, is the presence of an infection or its toxin spreading through the bloodstream.

The presence of bacteria in the blood is called bacteremia. Short bursts of low levels of bacteria in the blood usually do not cause problems.

Causes

Sepsis occurs when large numbers of infectious agents exist in the blood. Infections with viruses, fungi, and parasites may lead to sepsis as well. The body responds by trying to fight the infection. Causes include:

• An existing infection
• Contagious diseases
• A dirty needle used by an IV drug user

Toxins Can Spread Through the Bloodstream

Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Risk Factors

This condition is more common in older adults, especially those with frail health. Factors that increase your chance of getting sepsis include:

• Recent illness or hospital care, especially surgery
• Poorly working immune system due to:
  • Cancer or cancer treatment
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • HIV infection or another condition that suppresses the immune system, such as an autoimmune disease or immune deficiency
  • Medications that suppress the immune system
• Medical treatment with an invasive device
• IV drug abuse
• Crowded living conditions, which can occur with some types of pneumonia and meningitis

Symptoms

The first symptoms depend on the site of the infection.

As the condition progresses to sepsis, symptoms may include:

• Fever and chills
• Low temperature
• Pale skin color
• Weakness
• Changes in mental status
• Rapid breathing
• Rapid heartbeat
• Decreased urine
• Problems with bleeding or clotting

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. If sepsis is suspected, the source of the infection will attempt to be found.

Your bodily fluids and waste products may be tested. This can be done with:

• Blood cultures and tests
• Urine cultures and tests
• Sputum cultures
• Stool cultures

Images may be taken of your bodily structures. This can be done with:

• X-ray
• CT scan
• MRI scan
• Echocardiogram

Treatment

This condition will need to be treated aggressively. Treatment is aimed at the cause of the initial infection.

Early treatment improves the chance of survival. Life-saving steps may be needed to assist breathing and heart function. People with sepsis usually need to be observed in an intensive care unit.

Medication

IV antibiotics will be used to fight a bacterial infection and to clear it from your blood. You may be given oral antibiotics when you leave the hospital.

Surgery

Surgery is sometimes needed to remove or drain the initial infection.

Supportive Care

You will likely receive other medications, IV fluids, and oxygen. If your blood pressure remains too low, you may need vasopressors—medications to help maintain your normal blood pressure. Blood transfusions and a respirator to help you breathe may be necessary in some cases.

Further treatment depends on how your body is responding. For example, you may need kidney dialysis if kidney failure occurs.

Prevention

It is not always possible to prevent blood poisoning. Avoiding IV drug use decreases your chance of sepsis. Health care professionals must also take steps to stop the spread of these infections. Getting prompt medical care for infections can reduce your risk of sepsis.