Sore Throat

Causes

Many things can cause a sore throat. They may be:

• Viral infections such as the flu, mononucleosis, and the common cold
• Bacterial infections such as strep throat
• Mucus that drains from the sinuses
• Drinking alcohol or smoking
• Breathing polluted air
• Seasonal or other allergies
• Acid reflux
• Pieces of food collecting in the tonsils
• Certain immune or inflammatory problems

Risk Factors

Sore throats are more common children, teens, or people aged 65 years and older. Things that raise the risk are:

• Being near someone with an infection involving the throat or nose
• Being exposed to:
  • Cigarette smoke
  • Toxic fumes
  • Industrial smoke
  • Air pollution
• Having seasonal or other allergies
• Having immune system problems, such as HIV infection or cancer

Symptoms

Other symptoms may occur with the sore throat. They may be:

• Difficulty swallowing
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Fever
• Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck
• Hoarse voice, cough, or problems breathing
• Red or irritated-looking throat
• Swollen tonsils
• White patches on or near the tonsils

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. A physical exam may be done. It will focus on the mouth, throat, nose, ears, and lymph nodes in the neck.

Tests may include:

• Rapid strep test or throat culture—swabbing the throat to check for strep throat
• Blood tests—to check for causes of the sore throat
• Mono spot test—to check for mononucleosis

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of the sore throat. Options may be:

• Medicines to ease symptoms, such as:
  • Antibiotics—for a sore throat caused by a bacterial infection
  • Throat lozenges—to ease pain
  • Decongestants and antihistamines—to ease a stuffy or runny nose
  • Numbing throat spray
  • Corticosteroids—to ease discomfort or help breathing, if there is trouble
• Self-care such as rest and lots of fluids

Prevention

To reduce the risk of a sore throat:

• Wash hands often
• Stay away from people who are sick