Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Definition

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is swelling and irritation of the intestines. Two forms of IBD are:

• Crohn disease
• Ulcerative colitis

IBD is a lifelong illness.

Causes

The exact cause of IBD is not known. Some believe IBD may be the result of:

• Inherited genetics—may be a family history of IBD
• Reaction to a virus or bacteria that damages the colon and rectum
• Compromised immune system or infection that affects the immune system

Risk Factors

The following factors increase your chance of developing IBD:

• Having a family member with IBD
• Having problems with the immune system

Symptoms

Symptoms may be constant or occur during flare-ups. Symptoms depend on the type of IBD, but common symptoms may include:

• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Diarrhea
• Weight loss and loss of appetite
• Bleeding from the intestines
• Ulcers in the intestines
• Inflammation of the rectum
• Draining around the rectum
• Bloating or feeling of fullness
• Gas
• Bloody diarrhea
• Abdominal sounds such as gurgling
• Nausea and vomiting
• Joint pain

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.

Images of your bodily structures may be needed. This can be done with:

• Upper GI endoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Barium enema
• X-ray
• Capsule endoscopy

Your bodily fluids and waste products may be tested. This can be done with:

• Blood tests
• Stool culture

Colonoscopy

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Treatment

There is no cure for IBD but treatments can help control symptoms. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:

Lifestyle Changes

IBD symptoms may be reduced with simple dietary changes. Dietary changes may include switching to a diet that is:

• Low in fat
• Rich in fruits and vegetables
• Low in fiber and dairy products, if advised by your dietitian

Overall wellness may also play a role in reducing IBD flare-ups. Find ways to reduce stress. Get plenty of rest.

Medications

Most medications for IBD focus on reducing the swelling and irritation. Medications include:

• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• Corticosteroids
• Immune system suppressors
• Antibiotics to kill germs in the intestinal tract
• Anti-diarrhea medication
• Laxatives
• Pain relievers

Surgery

Surgery is not helpful for all types of IBD. For people with severe ulcerative colitis, a surgery to remove the colon may be done.

Prevention

There are no current guidelines to prevent IBD because the cause is unknown.