Encephalopathy

Definition

Encephalopathy is a disease of the brain that causes problem with how it works. There are many types. A key sign is a change in mental state, such as confusion and sudden mood changes.

Causes

There are many causes. Some common ones are:

• Infection
• Head injury
• Brain tumor or pressure in the brain
• Poor nutrition
• Exposure to toxins
• No oxygen or blood flow to the brain

Oxygen and Blood Flow to the Brain

Encephalopathy can happen when the brain does not get oxygen and blood.

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Risk Factors

Risk factors depend on the type of encephalopathy a person has. For example, alcohol use disorder can put a person at risk for Wernicke encephalopathy.

Symptoms

The main problem is a change in mental state, such as:

• Memory loss that happens quickly or over time
• Lack of focus
• Problems thinking
• Confusion
• Mood changes
• Behavior changes

Other problems may be:

• Being very tired
• Muscle weakness and unsteadiness
• Lack of muscle control, such as jerking or twitching
• Shaking
• Moving the eyes without control
• Seizures

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask you or your caregiver about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done.

These tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis and find the cause:

• Blood tests
• Lumbar puncture to test the fluid around the brain and spine
• CT scan or MRI scan—to look for changes in the brain
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)—a test that records the brain’s electrical activity

Treatment

The cause will need to be treated. This may be done with:

• Medicine, such as antibiotics to treat infections
• Dietary changes
• Dialysis to remove toxins from the blood
• An organ transplant

Prevention

Many causes cannot be prevented. The risk of some causes may be lowered by:

• Drinking alcohol in moderation
• Eating a healthful diet that is rich and fruits and veggies
• Not being around toxins