Cataracts

Causes

Cataracts happen when proteins break down in the lens. Aging is the most common cause. Other causes are:

• Certain health problems, such as diabetes
• Exposure to x-rays or radiation
• Eye injury

Some children are born with cataracts. They may also be found in babies and older children. This is rare.

Risk Factors

This problem is more common in older adults. Other things that may raise the risk are:

• Prior eye surgery
• High blood pressure
• Metabolic syndrome
• Type 2 diabetes
• Obesity
• Smoking or alcohol use disorder
• Taking certain medicines, such as corticosteroids
• Having certain skin problems, such as atopic dermatitis and scleroderma

Symptoms

A person may not have symptoms in the early stages. As the cataract gets worse, problems may be:

• Cloudy or blurry vision
• Reduced vision
• Glare and haloes from light
• Double vision
• Poor contrast
• Colors that seem faded
• Problems recognizing faces or objects that are far away
• Poor night vision

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. This is often enough to suspect the diagnosis.

An eye doctor will do an eye exam. The doctor will use special tools and tests to check the health of the eyes. This is enough to make the diagnosis.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to improve vision. Some people may be able to manage symptoms with updated eyeglasses. However, surgery is the only way to remove a cataract that is causing problems. It removes a cloudy lens and replaces it with an artificial one.

Prevention

To lower the risk of this problem:

• Avoid smoking.
• Wear a hat and UV-protected sunglasses when outdoors.
• Wear safety glasses when doing tasks that may result in eye injury.